365 year earthquake in Crete that destroyed the Lighthouse of Alexandria

An earthquake of magnitude up to 8.7, which occurred on June 21, 365 (after R. X), raised part of Crete by 9 meters, and a 10-meter tsunami destroyed the port of Egyptian Alexandria, located 700 kilometers away, destroying one of seven wonders of the world – the famous Alexandria lighthouse.

The largest earthquake in the history of Crete occurred at dawn on July 21, 365 AD, with its epicenter off the west coast. The earthquake was rated between 8.3 and 8.7 on the Richter scale, making it the strongest earthquake ever recorded in the Mediterranean.

Greece is located in an active seismic zone, and the island of Crete, together with Rhodes, and even more so, in fact, being part of the so-called. non-volcanic “Greek arc”.

The earthquake caused great damage to central and southern Greece, Libya, Asia Minor and Egypt. Almost all the cities of Crete were destroyed. The earthquake was followed by a tsunami that damaged the Eastern Mediterranean, especially in the Nile Delta and Alexandria, killing thousands and reaching nearly three kilometers inland. In the southwest of Crete, the wave height from the earthquake is estimated at 12 meters.

Wave heights were high in the Nile Delta, where it was estimated to be 10 meters in Alexandria and 7.1, 4.9 and 2 meters in neighboring cities. In Alexandria, the water first receded, and the inhabitants of the city rushed to fish and marine life to where the seabed used to be. But after a short time, the sea returned back at such a speed that large ships were thrown onto the roofs of houses, while some of them were discovered almost three kilometers from the coast.

According to modern estimates, the seismic moment was ~ 10 ^ 29 dyn cm. Earthquakes of this magnitude in this region are more did not happenand.

Regions hardest hit by the 365 tsunami

Researchers from the University of Cambridge, based on radiocarbon studies, have identified corals off the coast of Crete, which were raised to a height of 10 meters and pressed into solid rock by a mass of water. This means that the tsunami after the 365 year earthquake occurred as a result of a tremor on the Greek arc near Crete. Experts note that such large-scale undersea earthquakes occur about once every 5,000 years, but other segments can also cause similar shifts and occur about once every 800 years. In any case, a recurrence of these events in the future cannot be ruled out.

Raised structures 2 km west of Paleochora showing changes caused by waves up to 9 m high during the 365 year earthquake

It is noted that this earthquake raised western Crete up to 9 meters. It had a great influence on people at the end of the antique period and is mentioned in a large number of works by various authors.

Ammianus Marcellinus estimated that about 10,000 people died in Alexandria alone.

The ancient Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus described in detail the tsunami that hit Alexandria and other areas on July 21, 365.

Delta of the Nile. Source wikimedia

Of particular value are the evidence of three tsunami phases, namely, the initial earthquake, the unexpected retreat of the sea and then a giant wave that swept across the island:

Immediately after the night passed and clearly proclaimed the succession of the day with fierce lightning, the strength of the earth shook – it began to tremble and shake. Then the sea retreated, but the waves quickly returned so that everything disappeared into chaos and the depths of the sea. Many creatures belonging to the sea were thrown onto land, covering everything with slime, garbage and debris covered the valleys and mountains completely. Everything that was created, all values ​​became the prey of the elements. All this happened at the same time. It was impossible to believe in it, looking at the first rays of the sun of a new day. Many ships were washed ashore far enough, and the people who wandered along this coast were so insignificant – many were collecting fish and stuff that was thrown onto land. The raging sea seemed to be offended and returned again, and the land was shown by the dotted shoals that are found in abundance. It rolled onto the islands in a wide stream, flattening myriad buildings in cities and elsewhere. Thus, a conflict of elements arose, showing that the earth can change and give miraculous signs. The mass of water that returned killed many thousands – they drowned; those who hastily grabbed onto something heavy were thrown back. Some ships, after the wrath of the elements, turned into a pile of boards and sank, and the bodies of those killed in the shipwreck lay face down or face up. Other large ships seemed to have been displaced by horrific explosions, ending up on the roofs of houses, as happened in Alexandria. Elsewhere, they were found two miles from the coastline, such as the Laconian ship near Methoni, which I saw as I passed by, yawning at the long sight of desolation.

The tsunami of 365 was so devastating that the annual anniversary of the disaster was remembered as a “day of horror” in Alexandria until the end of the 6th century.

Pharos lighthouse (Egyptian Alexandria)

The most significant consequences of the tsunami include destruction * Pharos lighthouse (Egyptian Alexandria) and the flooding of more than half of the city of Apollonia (Cyrenaica, Libya).

Ruins of ancient Apollonia Libya

According to geophysical data, turbidite deposits were found (in addition to Eastern Sicily) in Malta, in the Ionian Sea, in Cyrenaica, Eastern Calabria and on the western coast of Egypt, and according to historical evidence, the tsunami reached the Iberian Peninsula.

However, despite the power of the earthquake, the largest tsunami in Greece, up to 150 meters high, occurred 1300 years earlier, in 1628 BC, when the supervolcano Santorini exploded. You can read about this in our publication: Geologists have figured out how the explosion of the supervolcano caused the “great flood” in Crete.

* The lighthouse was damaged by earthquakes in 365, 796, 951 and 956, as well as in 1303 and 1323. Extant sources indicate that an earthquake in 956 caused the top of the lighthouse to collapse and the statue there. It has been documented that an Islamic-style dome was installed on top of the lighthouse after this earthquake. The greatest damage to the lighthouse was caused by the earthquake of 1303, the intensity of which is estimated at 8 points, and the epicenter was in the area of ​​the island of Crete (500-700 km from Alexandria). The last fragments of the lighthouse disappeared in 1480, when the then Sultan of Egypt, Qayt Bey, built a fortress on the site of the lighthouse, using part of the ruins of the latter.

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